![]() Importantly, people who experience TBI often have permanent brain dysfunction and have a higher likelihood of developing chronic neurological disorders including major depressive disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and Alzheimer's disease ( 2). ![]() Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem that is experienced by over 2.8 million people in the United States every year ( 1). Additional studies are needed to characterize the underlying molecular and neurophysiological alterations, as well as potential contributions to neurological deficits. These ongoing morphological alterations suggest persistent change in neuroimmune homeostasis. These subtle changes were most evident in periventricular white matter and certain hippocampal subfields, and were observed out to 1‐year post‐injury in some cases. ![]() However, detailed microglial skeletal analysis revealed changes in morphology, most notably increases in the number of microglial branches, junctions, and endpoints. We did not detect the changes in corpus callosum integrity or astrocyte reactivity. ![]() We detected an increase in overall amyloid precursor protein pathology, as well as periventricular white matter and fimbria/fornix pathology after a single mild TBI. Neuropathological assessments for axonal pathology, microglial morphological changes, and astrocyte reactivity were conducted in specimens out to 1‐year post‐injury. In this study, we assessed the tissue from pigs subjected to rapid head rotation in the coronal plane to generate mild TBI. ![]() However, the relationship between the hallmark axonal pathology of diffuse TBI and potential changes in glial cell activation or morphology have not been established in a clinically relevant large animal model at chronic time points. The cascades may persist from acute to chronic time points after injury, altering the homeostasis of the brain. The mechanical forces that are caused by TBI propagate through the brain to produce diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and trigger secondary neuroinflammatory cascades. Over 2.8 million people experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States each year, which may lead to long‐term neurological dysfunction. ![]()
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